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Reproductive hormones
Sex Hormones
Introduction:
Gonads are members of the two functions produces sex cells (Germ Cells) and reproductive hormones (Sex Hormones).
There
is a close relationship between these two functions, topical focus of
the high reproductive hormones necessary for the production of germ
cells.
Ovaries produce eggs and hormones estrogen (Estrogens) and progesterone (Progesterone),
Produces
testicular sperm and hormones Alteststeron (Testosterone) and also
secrete the reproductive hormones to varying degrees of Adrenal
(Suprarenal Gland) and secrete gonadal hormones under the influence
functional and organizational each of the pituitary gland (Pituitary)
and Alhaaboethelams (Hypothalamus) and works of these hormones at the
level of the nucleus (Nuclear Level).
Natural function of the genital glands is reproduction and thus to preserve the species.
(1)
Male hormones:
(A) Alteststeron hormone (Testosterone):
Testosterone
of male hormones, and secreted this hormone from the testicles and is
also small amounts of the adrenal gland and turns of this hormone in
peripheral tissues to the Dey Hedrutistostiron (Dihydrotestosterone -
DHT), which is is the active hormone Alteststeron, and are controlling
the secretion of male hormones mentioned above by the pituitary gland norepinephrine hormone (LH).
Effects by the hormone Alteststeron:
Of
the most important difference between men's and young child, as the
hormone (Testosterone) is responsible for the appearance of sexual
characteristics, primary and secondary education in adult men.
It
is intended qualities sexual initial "genitals" growth and completeness
Aladaa's sexual men, and the concomitant emergence of qualities
secondary a deepening of the voice, and the appearance of hair in
different places of the body, the evolution of the throat, and muscle,
and the growth and maturation of the skeleton in the body, and is a
complete appearance qualities secondary evidence the completion of the initial sexual characteristics "penis."
It
also has a role in the marked skin with the internal organs in the body
do not respond to the hormone, there are some humans are not affected
by this Alrmon such Almnjulaa and North America and the reason for this
lack of response to target cells to the hormone, although excreted and
he was at the required level,
It
also has a role in bone growth, which distinguishes the male from the
female pelvis, where the young man while the woman is characterized as
large as the basin, and have broad shoulders in men.
The
boat builders Alteststeron helps in the growth of (Genesis) proteins
and affects the balance of the salts, and uses the hormone testosterone
in the treatment of cancer (eg breast cancer), and vehicles that are
manufactured in the treatment of breast cancer when Alsina is a compound
methyl Tistieron.
Vary the proportion of Alteststeron hormone in human blood according to age group.
And also differ in males than in females as follows: adult males in the 9-38 nmol / l.
Adult females in the 0.35 - 3.8 nmol / L (from the adrenal gland).
In male infants less than 3.5 nmol / l.
Females in children less than 1.4 (from the adrenal gland).
Note:
increasing the level of the hormone testosterone in the blood leads to a
lack of secretion of hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland.
Increase testosterone in the normal case:
Long-acting testosterone medication (as desired).
Tumors of the testis to secrete testosterone.
Tumors of the adrenal gland to secrete the hormone.
Sixtieth disease - to Fanthal (Stein - Levinthal Syndrome).
Low testosterone level in the following cases:
Therapeutics estrogen in men.
Klinfeltr disease (Kleinflter Syndrome).
Cirrhosis of the liver sometimes.
Hypopituitrism destruction.
(2) female hormones (Female Sex Hormones):
(A) estrogen (Estrogens):
Is
secretion of estrogen by the pituitary gland under the affected hormone
(LH) and (FSH) and there is a family of hormones, estrogen in different
tissues, but the hormone President that comes out of the ovary is
estradiol (Estradiol), and estrogen is responsible for the growth and
functions of the female genitals which is responsible also
facilitate the process of Pollination and prepare the uterus for
pregnancy, and these hormones play a key role in determining the
characteristics and behavior of females and also have a minor role in
the synthesis of proteins, as well as to increase the concentration of
calcium in the blood.
And
the level of the hormone estradiol (Estradiol) in the blood as follows:
in females (the first half of the menstrual cycle (Follicular Phases)
is 70-440 Bakromul / l.
In females (the second half of the menstrual cycle (Luteal Phases) is 220 to 620 Bakromul / l.
During the last months of pregnancy 20.000 - 130.000 Bakromul / l.
In males from 70 to 330 Bakromul / L (from the terminal and transfers the adrenal gland).
In children up to 70 Bakromul / l.
Note:
Increasing the level of the hormone estradiol (Estradiol) in the blood
to lack the level of hormone (FSH) and to increase the level of hormone
(LH).
(B) the hormone progesterone (Progesterone):
Secretes
the hormone progesterone in a particular part of the ovary called the
corpus luteum (Corpus Luteum), during the second half of the menstrual
cycle (to be completed during the oocytes in the ovary),
Hormone
progesterone is important in the preparation of the uterus and prepare
them for transplant eggs and that supply blood to the lining of the
uterus, making it ready for the installation of the fertilized egg and
maintains the hormone progesterone also on the pregnancy and will
invalidate the hormone progesterone, the hormone estrogen in certain
tissues such as the vagina and cervix Lean, where he works to prevent
the laying of eggs in the ovary, it also is important in the organization of the menstrual cycle in females.
And the level of the hormone progesterone is as follows: in females (the first half of the menstrual cycle) 0.8 -6.4 nmol / l.
In females (the second half of the menstrual cycle), 8-80 nmol / l.
Lower in males from 3.18 nmol / L (from the adrenal gland).
Children in the 0.95 - 1.2 nmol / l.
During the last months of pregnancy, 243 - 1166 nmol / l.
Note: increasing the level of the hormone progesterone in the blood leads to decreasing the level of hormone (LH).
(C) hormone-oriented chorionic Alguend (HCG) or (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin):
The
analysis of the pregnancy test (Pregnancy Test) of the most important
means of diagnosis of early pregnancy and the idea is simple, where
depends on the secretion of the hormone-oriented chorionic Alguend (HCG)
in the urine of a pregnant woman.
Are
gradually increasing this secretion during pregnancy, reaching its peak
in the tenth week, and then return to the landing to reach a constant
level after the fifteenth week and the end of pregnancy.
Vary
the sensitivity of this test, where it can be detectable for pregnancy
after 3 days of the date of the absence of last menstruation, but less
sensitive test must pass at least 14 days from the date the absence of
last menstrual period.
And taken into account when a pregnancy test the following:
Preferably morning urine (where a more focused), especially in the first 15 days.
Must not contain urine protein or blood (so as not to give a false positive test result).
According to the quantification of the hormone (HCG) in the following cases:
Following the course of pregnancy. In
the diagnosis of cases of abortion (Abortion), such as imminent
abortion (Imminent Abortion) or incomplete abortion (Incomplete
Abortion) or inevitable abortion (Inevitable Abortion), and in all
cases, lower level (HCG) may become a negative pregnancy test.
Diagnosis
and follow-up pregnancy cluster (Vesicular Mole), where rises gradually
level (HCG) to very high levels (higher than the level of the beginning
of pregnancy) and after unloading pregnancy cluster of about 14 days
due to the normal level and if not returned to normal level should doubt
the appearance of tumor placental ( Chorioepithelioma).
In
the diagnosis and follow-up to the emergence of placental tumor is
indicated by the very high levels of (HCG) and return to a normal level
evidence of healing.
Increase the level of the hormone (HCG) in the following cases:
Testicular tumors (10%).
Multiple twins.
Lower level of the hormone (HCG) in the following cases:
Inevitable abortion.
Ectopic pregnancy.
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موضوع: Reproductive hormones( Sex Hormones) 
